1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund.  Then it is attached to the verb as one word.  Déme Ud. el libro.  Give me the book.

2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct.  If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.

3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.

4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used.  Nos envió a Ud.  He sent us to you.

5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).

62. Parts of the Body

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.

Me duele la cabeza.  My head hurts.
Le duelen los pies.  His feet hurt.

63. Asking Questions

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.
Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.
Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement.  These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it?  Aren't you?  Don't you?  Didn't he?  Isn't she? etc.

64. To Give and to Bring

65. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.)  This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.  Que and quien are the most commonly used relative pronouns.

Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only.  El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien.  These pronouns are used for clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.

La casa en que vivo es pequeña.  The house in which I live is small.
He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive.  I visited the city near which he lives.

Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause.  When used with a preposition, it means whom.  Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc.

Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.

Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

66. Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb.  They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis.  

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it.  Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves.  When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo.  For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.

67. To Hear, to Smell and to See

68. Animals

69. Suffixes

Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs.  Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes.  The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a).  They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity.  The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something.  To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería.  When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns.  When -dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.

70. Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. You can use the present tense endings and switch the vowel (-ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a):

Present Subjunctive

Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive:

The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:

Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive

An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father.

The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

71. Irregular Subjunctive Mood

Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:

72. Uses of the Subjunctive

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):

1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)

2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.

3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject.

4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.

5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.

6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite

7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)

8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied.

9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!

10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.

In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)

73. Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.  However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated:  as ... as ...

lo bien que  how well
lo más pronto posible  as soon as possible

74. Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb.  In active sentences, the subject does the action.  However, the meaning of both sentences is the same.  The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle.  Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence.  The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental.  The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject.  If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.

El niño fue castigado por su padre.  The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos.  Rose is loved by everyone.

75. Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.

El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.

Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.
Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

76. Shopping

77. Post Office and Bank

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.

To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional tense.

79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions

The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.

80. Office / School Supplies